HIST 100: Engineering The Past

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pictorial essay

May 6, 2016 by indeabennett Leave a Comment

Pictoral Essay

Farming is part of the foundation of not only modern society as we know it but the creation of Idaho as a state. Idaho and even Boise, its largest , ‘modern’ city is highly influenced by the culutre of farming . We proudly exclaim on posters both virtual and physical to buy local, delineate the importance of dairy in commercials that play so routinely that there is no question we have accepted this culture.  But farming has become extremely self-serving to industries such as Idaho dairy farms. Since 1993, the number of dairy cows in Idaho has nearly tripled, to 572,000 head, so that Idaho now ranks fourth among the states, just behind New York and just ahead of Pennsylvania report and High Country News article by Richard Manning. Whether you accept the evidence that not humans beyond infancy do not need milk  or it’s important to look at the damaging effects dairy farming has on our water supply and ecoystem. The dairy farms of Idaho state that they are interested in the building of a healthy state but the fact that their farms continuously pollute ground water which then harms our rivers says other wise.

In a yale article called As Dairy Farms Grow Bigger, New Concerns About Pollution by elizabeth grossman says that According to the EPA, a 2,000-cow dairy generates more than 240,000 pounds of manure daily or nearly 90 million pounds a year. The USDA estimates that the manure from 200 milking cows produces as much nitrogen as sewage from a community of 5,000 to 10,000 people. In relating this to Idaho, the idaho dairy indusry say’s that of the dairy farms in Idaho , 54.5 have 500 dairy cows or more, the greater estimate being upwards of 2,000 cows. This high volume according to the site says that since 1970, Idaho has seen a 125% increase in dairy production. Thats thousands of pounds of manure being produced daily that also produces methane gas.

Manure can and does have a place in farming produce. It fertilizes the ground helping crops to produce well. However when thousands of pound of manure is being produced daily that means crops are more that taken care of yet there is still so much to be accounted for. Most of it is stored in tanks, In artical by Peter Lane Taylor, a writer and TV producer, stated in his article “Florida Dairy Farms and Springs Protection: Got Solutions?,accessed June 17, 2008 he says that in regards to manure disposal , “In the first of these techniques, the mixture is spread in a thin layer over a large field by truck so that the nutrients can be absorbed as fertilizer by a variety of nitrogen absorbing plants like alfalfa and other grasses. In the second, cow manure mixture is further diluted with water and sprayed over a large area by a center-pivot irrigation system. In reality, neither of the techniques is full proof; a percentage of the nutrients bypasses the root system and enters the underground aquifer.”  and simply, when the waste is not disposed of it seeps into the ground contaminating local water supplies.

Manure contains multiple pathogens possible e-coli and pharmaceuticals such as growth hormones and antibiotics given to the cows that when consumed by people can be responsible for serious health concerns of the endocrine system says Grossman.

 

Primary

https://www.hcn.org/issues/46.13/idahos-sewer-system-is-the-snake-river?b_start:int=2#body

Secondary

http://e360.yale.edu/feature/as_dairy_farms_grow_bigger_new_concerns_about_pollution/2768/

 

photos

http://blog.midwestbiosystems.com/blog/topic/sustainable-farming

http://www.watersafe.co.za/2010/05/24/groundwater-pollution/

Filed Under: 0.0 Pictorial Essay, Group 2

Pictorial Essay

May 6, 2016 by petewcook Leave a Comment

Pictoral Essay

(Clicking on the link will pull up the original document with pictures)

Going down to the river on a warm, sunny day and spending time with family is always a fun activity. There’s so much to do at the river with the family, such as fish, swim, and have a picnic. But, what makes this activity possible? If the water levels at the river were too high, then taking the family there would be dangerous. It wouldn’t be enjoyable to go to a supposed “river” that was basically dried up either. There would be no wildlife around to enjoy. While water management can be a controversial topic, engineering is essential in the management of water because it makes sure the rivers stay at an adequate, safe level, it provides reserves in case of droughts, and it is a source of energy for public use.

Water is something everyone and everything needs, but having too much or too little can be an enormous detriment. The problem of having a river overflow in flooding season or having a river become dry in a drought has been present since before the American Indians settled the North American continent.

The American west is known for its lack of precipitation, and therefore there became a dire need for dams. Native Americans were the ones to first create canal systems in the North American Continent, according to the National Park Service. As the generations passed, the Native American Indians began to develop their canal system into dikes, which can be a wall or ditch to stop water. The reason that the Indians started these systems was in order to cultivate and water their fields. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Spanish came to the New World and worked with the Indians to help improve their water systems. This resulted in the building of dams made of rock and earthen reservoirs. As an added benefit, dams help to keep water at safe levels for both wildlife and humans.

This picture shows a canal created by the Hohokam Indians, who used the canal systems. The Hohokam Indians were some of the first to engineer a way for water to be diverted to their crops and villages. Hohokam water systems were made up of a series of canals, all ranging in size. It would start off with the largest canal branching off from the river, in order to divert a large amount of water. From that, smaller canals would branch off to disperse the water needed. Eventually when the water arrived at the crops, the canals were at their smallest. To control how much water was allowed to go into each field or crop, the Hohokams used diversion gates. It was necessary to be able to regulate the water level in order to ensure that their fields could survive.

  1. Jerry B. Howard, “Archaeologist Emil Haury standing in an excavated Hohokam canal,”WaterHistory.org, accessed May 5, 2016, http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/hohokam2/.

Another way engineering the management of water is beneficial is that it helps provide water in times of drought. A dam is able to contain water from the snow runoff in the mountains. This is an excellent way to store water for times when water is scarcer. The Hoover Dam is a great example of a dam that can store vast amounts of water. California has been having a drought since 2011, according to Todd Frankel who wrote an article for The Guardian. The Hoover Dam has helped with some of the relief from the Californian drought, and is considered an “engineering marvel”.

  1. Todd C. Frankel, “Drought-related reductions in water levels have led engineers to install more efficient turbines at the Hoover Dam,”The Guardian, 2015, accessed May 5, 2016

The Colorado River provides a way for energy to be created, but this is only possible with engineering of water. Without brilliant engineers to construct the plans for turbines and generators in order to direct and control the water, families would have less power and no reserves in case of droughts. 3. Naomi Bilia, “Colorado River,” Feelgrafix, 2015, accessed May 5, 2016, http://feelgrafix.com/929327-colorado-river.html.

Lastly, engineering of water is helpful in contributing to the power supply. Water is an excellent source of power, and the Hoover Dam is another viable example for this. Engineers of this dam designed it with the intent to not only maintain adequate water levels, but also generate energy for others to use. According to the U.S. Department of the Interior, the Hoover Dam has seventeen main turbines. In order for the water to reach the turbines and produce power, it passes through the wicket gates. 4. Cobolhacker/Wikimedia Commons, “Generators at Hoover Dam,” Union of Concerned Scientists, accessed May 5, 2016, http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-hydroelectric-energy.html#.Vyv4m_krK00.

The movement of the water through the turbines, turns the wheel of the turbines which have magnetics rubbing against copper coils. A generator is also connected to the turbine, and energy is created and stored. This process takes place and creates about four billion kilowatt-hours of hydroelectric power per year, according to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. This energy can be used to light offices, buildings, and homes for many Americans. 5. Lower Colorado Regional Photo Lab, “View of generators on Arizona side of power plant,” Bureau of Reclamation, 2015.

In conclusion, engineering is essential in the management of water because it makes sure the rivers stay at an adequate, safe level; it provides reserves in case of droughts; and it is a source of energy for public use. While some think dams and reservoirs are harmful to the environment and wildlife, in all reality they are very beneficial to society. By keeping waters at safe levels, flooding is prevented. Stored water provides wildlife with hydration in times of drought. And lastly, water converted to energy is helpful in creating clean energy for American families to use. The engineering of water management has a unique history through the past and will continue to shape our future.

 

Bibliography

 

Bilia, Naomi. “Colorado River.” Feelgrafix. 2015. Travel. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://feelgrafix.com/929327-colorado-river.html.
Cobolhacker/Wikimedia Commons. “Generators at Hoover Dam.” Union of Concerned Scientists. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-hydroelectric-energy.html#.Vyv4m_krK00.

 

Frankel, Todd C. “US Drought Takes Its Toll on Clean Energy Production.” The Guardian. Last modified April 28, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/apr/28/us-drought-california-hydropwer-hoover-dam.
Frankel, Todd C. “Drought-related reductions in water levels have led engineers to install more efficient turbines at the Hoover Dam.” The Guardian. 2015. Accessed May 5, 2016.
Gleick, Peter H. “The Past and Future of California’s Water.” Scientific American. Last modified July 14, 2014. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-past-and-future-of-california-s-water/?shunter=1461161356303.

 

“Hoover Dam.” Bureau of Reclamation. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html.
Howard, Jerry B. “Hohokam Legacy: Desert Canals.” WaterHistory.org. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/hohokam2/.
Howard, Jerry B. “Archaeologist Emil Haury standing in an excavated Hohokam canal.”WaterHistory.org. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/hohokam2/.
Lower Colorado Regional Photo Lab. “View of generators on Arizona side of power plant.”Bureau of Reclamation. 2015. Power Plant. http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/gallery/pwrplant.html.
“Role of Dams: Why do we need dams?” International Commission on Large Dams. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/Dams/role_of_dams.asp.
U.S. National Park Service. “Water in the West.” U.S. National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior. Accessed May 5, 2016. https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ReclamationDamsIrrigationProjectsAndPowerplants/water_in_the_west.html.
“Water in the U.S. American West: 150 Years of Adaptive Strategies.” Building Strong Collaborative Relationships: IWR and USACE. Last modified March 2012. http://www.building-collaboration-for-water.org/documents/wwfh20amwest%20full2.28lr.pdf.

 

Filed Under: 0.0 Pictorial Essay, Group 2, Groups

Pictorial Essay

April 25, 2016 by caitlynmoyle Leave a Comment

history 100 pictorial essay

Filed Under: 0.0 Pictorial Essay, Group 4

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